Sleep patterns of wildlife in the bush…

Wildebeests near a water hole in Kruger National Park.

When people visit Kruger National Park, or other African national parks, they often imagine the animals roaming endlessly across the savanna, always on the move, always visible. Yet, much like us, the wild creatures of Kruger have their own rhythms of rest. Sleep in the bush is not about luxury or indulgence. It is about survival, when to let down one’s guard, when to recharge, and when to be hyper-alert. The way animals in Kruger sleep is as varied as their shapes and sizes, each adapted to the demands of predator and prey, day and night.

Lions, for instance…If you’ve ever spent a full day on a game drive, you may have noticed lions doing what they are most famous for: lying around. They can sleep anywhere from 16 to 20 hours a day, sprawled out under a shady knobthorn tree or flopped on a patch of cool sand along a riverbank. For them, conserving energy is essential. Hunting takes tremendous bursts of power, and since they don’t need to forage constantly, they can afford these long naps. Visitors sometimes chuckle at the sight of the “lazy lion,” but there is wisdom in that idleness. Every ounce of strength is stored for the night, when hunting parties set out under the cover of darkness.

In contrast, antelopes such as impala barely dare to rest for long. They snatch short bouts of sleep, often standing up, and rarely for more than a few minutes at a time. Always alert, constantly scanning, they live in a world where slumber could mean becoming a lion’s dinner. Impala may accumulate just a few hours of fragmented rest in 24, relying on the safety of the herd and the advantage of many eyes and ears. There is no luxury of sinking into deep sleep—only a constant balancing act between the need to rest and the need to survive.

Elephant mom and youngster.

Elephants, surprisingly, sleep very little compared to their massive size. They average only about 2 to 4 hours of sleep per day. Most of this happens in the early morning hours, often while standing, though occasionally an elephant will lie down for a deeper stretch of rest. Because they must consume hundreds of pounds of vegetation daily, much of their time is spent walking, browsing, and searching for water. And yet, even in such short windows of rest, elephants are remarkably efficient. Watching a massive bull gently doze, trunk dangling loosely, is a reminder that rest need not be extended to be restorative.

Giraffes take this minimal sleep to another level. Once thought to rarely sleep at all, scientists have discovered they do rest, but usually no more than 30 minutes to 2 hours per day, often in very short intervals. Their awkward height makes lying down risky—they need precious seconds to scramble to their feet if danger approaches. Sometimes, a giraffe will curl its long neck back and rest its head on its body, a sight that seems almost improbable. These fleeting naps are enough to keep them functioning, their survival strategy rooted in vigilance more than comfort.

Zebras share a similar pattern with impalas. They rest standing up, catching light naps throughout the day and night. But when they do lie down for deeper sleep, they rely heavily on the herd. One zebra may doze while another stands guard, an unspoken agreement that safety lies in numbers. It’s humbling to think that such iconic, sturdy animals rarely surrender themselves entirely to rest, their lives a perpetual dance between fatigue and alertness.

Crocodile resting at Sunset Dam.

Predators, in general, can afford longer sleep. Leopards, being solitary and masters of stealth, often rest in the crooks of trees where few can disturb them. They may spend 12 or more hours a day lounging, their spotted coats blending with the dappled light of marula leaves. Hyenas, despite their reputation for chaos, also enjoy a decent amount of rest, though their active social lives and long-distance scavenging keep them more on the move than lions.

And then, there are the smaller creatures of Kruger—bushbabies, mongooses, and genets. These animals often follow nocturnal rhythms, sleeping during the heat of the day and becoming lively when the sun sets. A bushbaby tucked into the hollow of a tree can easily sleep 10 to 12 hours, waiting for the cool evening when insects abound. Sleep, for them, is both a shield against the harsh sun and a preparation for their busy nights.

What ties all these varied sleep habits together is the deep thread of adaptation. In the human world, we often take sleep for granted, imagining it as a nightly necessity and nothing more. But in the wild, sleep is a finely tuned balance between vulnerability and survival. A lion dozing for half the day is no lazier than a giraffe snatching mere minutes. Both are living exactly as evolution has taught them—resting just enough, in just the right way, to keep them alive in a place where danger and beauty coexist so intimately.

As visitors, we sometimes long to see animals in motion, expecting every sighting to be a chase or a dramatic encounter. But in truth, watching them sleep is just as telling. It shows us the quieter side of the bush—the rhythm of nature that pulses beyond the human clock. Sitting in a vehicle, gazing at a pride of lions piled together in the shade, or watching an elephant drift into stillness, we are reminded that rest is not wasted time. It is a strategy, a necessity, and sometimes, a luxury.

Hippos seem to require a lot of rest, often sleeping from 10 to 16 hours a day.

Sleep looks different for each creature, but its purpose is the same: survival. Whether it’s two hours or twenty, light naps or deep slumber, every heartbeat of rest allows the wild to continue its endless story. And perhaps, as travelers, we can take a little wisdom from that, learning to rest in our ways, in our times, without guilt or hurry, simply because it is essential.

Even here in Marloth Park, where predators are few, the instinct of the wildlife is to always be on guard for their safety and sleep no more than that of the animals in the national parks. We often wonder where the animals hide to hunker down at night. However, based on the number of daytime animals we see on the trail cam at night, only mongoose, warthogs, monkeys, baboons, and birds appear to hide away at night to sleep.

Last night, we had another fantastic evening at Jabula, enjoying the ambiance, the food, and the lively banter with Dawn, Leon, Corine, and the multitude of customers that wandered in and out. Tonight, we take our same seats at the bar, which Dawn is saving for us, while the bar fills with sports enthusiasts to watch the South African team, the Springboks, play another exciting game of rugby. They are in first place in the international league.

Be well.

Photo from ten years ago today, August 16, 2015:

In Trinity Beach, Australia, dozens of cockatoos have been swarming the yard over several of the past late afternoons, stopping to check out the pool. For more photos, please click here.

Oh, What a Night!…Welcoming friends to the bush!…

A trail cam photo of a genet ready to pounce on the leftover piece of filet mignon from last night’s dinner.

Buying a bale of lucerne was a great idea when Karen and Rich first walked into the house and saw a forkl of kudus standing at the veranda, especially an impressive Big Daddy, the size of which we hadn’t seen lately.

Their journey was long and exhausting, as we’d warned them, but they managed to get four hours of sleep on the second red-eye flight from London to Johannesburg after the unbearable ten-hour layover. Sheer exhaustion helped them to sleep sitting up in the uncomfortable airplane seats.

Young kudus are pretty adorable, as are the adults.

We’d expected them to need a nap and time to recover before dinner. Still, they were both so enthused about being here and enjoying the wildlife, and our lively conversation, that we all stayed up until midnight, sitting outdoors at the table on the veranda, bundled up in hooded sweatshirts and jackets in the cool 55°F, 13 °C weather.

We’d had a fantastic night commiserating about the events in our lives over the past few years, since we’d last seen each other in The Villages, Florida, in 2023. Of course, Karen and I stayed in close touch regularly, over the almost 13 years since we began traveling the world.

When the driver drove them through the park on the way to our vacation home, they saw many animals, including giraffes, along the road. Then, when they arrived at our house, a bevy of various species graced us with their presence throughout the remainder of the afternoon and the evening.

Many kudus came to call after Tom spread the lucerne in the garden. They ate the lucerne but also waited at the veranda’s edge for pellets.

No words can describe how exciting it is to share the wonders of Marloth Park with friends or family, especially those who have never been to Africa before. It’s a never-ending thrill ride of sheer awe and appreciation for the magical world around us, seen face-to-face like never before.

One can certainly see photos and watch videos of wildlife that take one’s breath away. However, nothing compares to seeing the animal’s attentive gaze into our eyes, creating an indescribable connection that is never expected.

Trail cam photo of zebras munching on lucerne.

It’s almost 10:00 am, and they are both still sleeping. When they awake, I plan to make mushroom, cheese, and onion omelets for all of us for a late breakfast, after which we will plan our day and evening. Neither of them is interested in embarking on any tours.

We’ll go to the river, visit Kruger National Park, and take a guided night game drive with dinner in the bush. This will allow them to experience many of the local restaurants we enjoy, especially Jabula on Friday and Saturday nights. They’d prefer to do whatever we enjoy doing while living in the bush, perhaps even joining us at Quiz Night on Tuesday.

No doubt, we’ll all have a great time as we share this magical place with friends we’ve loved and enjoyed for many years.

Be well.

Photo from ten years ago today, June 29, 2015:

The sidewalk along the beach in Palm Cove, Australia. For more photos, please click here.

A fantastic video of rhinos…Interesting rhino behavior…

We couldn’t be more thrilled to share the video above of the rhinos we spotted in Kruger National Park. With so many rhinos having been poached in South Africa’s national parks, there are few remaining rhinos, as mentioned in a post from several days ago, found here.

Today, we are sharing some interesting facts about rhino behavior that we’ve never posted in the past, which may be of interest to some of our wildlife enthusiast readers and friends.

Rhino Behavior: A Closer Look at the Lives of Earth’s Armored Giants

Rhinoceroses, often perceived as solitary, grumpy, or aggressive, are far more nuanced and engaging in their behavior than many people realize. These ancient herbivores, which have roamed the Earth for millions of years, display a range of complex behaviors that reflect their evolutionary adaptations, environmental pressures, and social tendencies. Spread across Africa and Asia, the five species of rhino—white, black, Indian, Javan, and Sumatran—each exhibit unique patterns of behavior, though they also share many common traits.

One of the most defining aspects of rhino behavior is their territoriality. Adult males, particularly among black and white rhinos, tend to be highly territorial. They mark their territories with dung piles called middens, and also use urine spraying to define boundaries. These signs are not just about marking territory; they’re a form of communication. Other rhinos can learn a great deal from these markers, including the age, sex, and reproductive status of the individual who left them.

Despite their size and strength, rhinos are generally solitary creatures, especially the black and Sumatran species. Adult males are typically the most solitary, while females may be accompanied by their calves for several years. The white rhino is the most social of the species, often forming small groups called crashes. These can consist of females and their offspring, as well as occasionally, subadult males. Even among more solitary species, social interactions do occur, particularly during mating or when young males begin to establish themselves.

Communication among rhinos is surprisingly varied. While they are not known for vocalizing often, rhinos do use grunts, snorts, and bellows to express alarm, frustration, or even affection. Calves will usually squeal or whimper when separated from their mothers. Body language is also essential. For instance, a rhino holding its head high and ears forward may be alert or curious, while a lowered head with flattened ears can be a sign of aggression or defensiveness.

Aggression is a part of rhino behavior, especially when territory or mating rights are at stake. Male rhinos often engage in fierce battles, using their horns, which can sometimes result in serious injury or death. These fights serve a purpose beyond just winning a mate—they help establish dominance and define territorial boundaries. That said, most confrontations are avoided through display behaviors and posturing, which serve as warnings.

Rhinos are also creatures of habit. They follow regular paths to waterholes and feeding grounds, and tend to rest during the hottest parts of the day, becoming more active in the early morning and late afternoon. Wallows—muddy pools where rhinos roll and coat themselves in mud—are an essential part of their daily routine. This behavior not only cools them down but also protects their skin from parasites and sunburn.

Interestingly, rhinos share their environment with other animals in ways that influence their behavior. In Africa, for example, oxpecker birds are commonly seen perched on rhinos’ backs, feeding on ticks and warning them of danger with sharp cries. While the rhinos appear indifferent, this relationship hints at a subtle interdependence within their ecosystem.

Though rhinos are often portrayed as simple or primitive animals, their behavior reveals a deeper complexity. Their ability to communicate, form social bonds, adapt to environmental stressors, and navigate intricate territorial dynamics is a testament to their intelligence and resilience. Understanding rhino behavior not only deepens our appreciation for these magnificent creatures but also plays a crucial role in conservation efforts. By respecting their space and recognizing their needs, we can help ensure that rhinos continue to roam wild landscapes for generations to come.

Late this afternoon, the three of us will head to Amazing Kruger View to check for wildlife on the river and to have dinner. It’s hard to believe that Lisa is leaving in two days, after spending a month with us. We’ve so enjoyed her company and will miss her.

Be well.

Photo from ten years ago today, April 29, 2015:

These pretty pink flowers, Double Hibiscus, have begun to bloom right outside our door. For more photos, please click here.

The vernal equinox…Fantastic evening with friends…A five year anniversary of a memorable event…

Bossy was looking for me through the kitchen window while I was cutting carrots and apples.

Fall is finally here in the Southern Hemisphere. As we enter the season, the temperatures will drop and be cool and comfortable in about a month. Over the next five days, the weather is expected to be as high as a hot 96F, 36C. Regardless of the weather, we’ll still sit outdoors all day and part of the evening.

“The March equinox marks the beginning of autumn – and a shift toward winter – in the Southern Hemisphere. When is it? The sun crosses the celestial equator – a line directly above Earth’s equator – at 9:01 UTC on March 20, 2025 (4:01 a.m. CDT).”

A few nights ago, the garden was filled with over 20 animals, including seven species.

Last evening, we joined friends Roz and Les for dinner at their lovely home a few kilometers from us. We arrived at 5:00 pm and didn’t return to our house until after 10:00 pm. We had a fantastic time with this lovely couple. Seeing their house’s beautiful decor and design with modern attention to detail was fun.

We cooked delicious filet mignons on the braai and had salads on the side. Tom expertly made my thick cut of the meat perfectly, as rare as possible, after searing the exterior. It was fantastic. I can’t wait to have it again. Surely, we’ll buy more filets next time we go to the Butchery in the Bush Center. The 800-gram, 28-ounce chunk of tenderloin we’d brought and shared between us was only ZAR 186, only US $10.24. Unreal.

It was delightful to see so many animals visiting the garden.

The conversation was engaging as we discussed world affairs, travel, politics, and life in the bush. They are leaving soon for the UK, where their daughter is graduating from chiropractic school, and will return about the same time as we return to Marloth Park after our granddaughter Maise’s graduation.

Back at the house, we stayed up until after 11:00 pm and finally drifted off. I am still waking up in the middle of the night but able to go back to sleep within 30 minutes or so.

We couldn’t keep up with feeding them pellets. There were too many, and we didn’t want to see them head-butting one another.

Much to my relief, the medication Doc Theo prescribed is working. The side effects have abated, and I can breathe easily; the hay fever is under control, and my eyes aren’t itching. No words can describe how relieved I am. I will continue to take low-dose Prednisone for about ten more days and then reduce the dose further to stop it entirely. We’ll see how it goes, but I am hopeful.

Today is the fifth anniversary of the night in Mumbai, India, when we went to the airport at 3:00 am to board a plane to South Africa to escape COVID-19. While waiting to check in for the flight, after waiting for over an hour, we were informed that South Africa’s airports were closing. Here is our link to the post about when the ten-month stretch in a hotel room during lockdown in Mumbai began. What an experience!

The various herds stayed together while they grazed.

Louise will pick us up in about an hour to show us a house Danie built a few years ago. We will take photos to share tomorrow and include the rental fees should any more of our readers like to visit Marloth Park, based on the extraordinary experience we’ve continued to enjoy over the years.

Two wildebeests at the railing with Mac in the distance.

Be well.

Photo from ten years ago today, March 20, 2015:

The sun attempted to peek out between the cloud cover in Princeville Kauai. For more photos, please click here.

It’s a beautiful morning in the bush…We’re busy with bookings!…

Note: Due to WiFi issues, we are having spacing problems we cannot repair..

Crooked Face returned to see us! He had a little trouble grabbing this carrot.

It couldn’t be a more perfect day. The weather is comfortable at 74F 23C, the sky is overcast, and the wildlife is abundant. We couldn’t ask for more, especially when Norman arrived again this morning. He stayed for over an hour, enjoying carrots, apples, and pellets. Annoyed with all the Big Daddies hovering, he finally took off.

The only thing annoying us is the sound of someone in the area using a generator as the sound wafts through the bush. We love the quiet sounds of the animals and the birds. Hopefully, soon, the noise will end.

Zebras don’t try to get too close to us. They need to get close to humans only for food, while many other animals seek to enjoy human interactions.

Living in the bush, one’s senses are acute. Every moment and every sound attracts our attention, and we never know what to expect when we hear new sounds. It’s terrific that Tom now wears hearing aids and can listen to the magical sounds of nature.

Zebras visit every day.

This morning, we had to get to work booking all the rental cars we’ll need while here, when we arrive in Minnesota at the end of May, and when we return to Marloth Park in June. We have locked in some fantastic pricing in South Africa, as low as US $400, ZAR 7308 a month, which is at least four times higher in the US.

Not Big Daddy, but whom we call “Medium Daddy,” who has some growing up to do to reach Big Daddy status.

Also, we arranged the picking up and dropping off time when our friend Lasa arrives on April 2 and leaves on May 1—booking three cars and coordinating the pickup and return dates is time-consuming, especially when we only book them for a maximum of 30 days with our credit card, covering the insurance for only the first 30 days.

Big Daddy kudu.

After all, we don’t have a car and subsequent insurance as an adjunct to renting rental vehicles. We figured out this workaround, but it requires returning the cars every 30 days and a long round-trip drive to the airport.

Also, today, Tom is booking cars for our final three months here, from June to September. We’ve yet to book a place to stay in Spain in September before our four cruises, but we have plenty of time. We’ll get to work on that sometime in the next 60 days.

Checking out the birdseed on the hanging rack.

We are going to a braai at friends Roz and Les’s home, a few kilometers from here. Soon, I’ll make a salad to bring and prepare our filet mignon to cook at their home. They offered to provide all the food, but we suggested bringing our meat and a salad. Few people eat such good-sized portions of meat or use homemade salad dressing as we do.

It’s too much work to ask the hosts to prepare anything special for us. In South Africa, it’s not uncommon for guests to bring their meat to a braai and a side dish to share. As always, guests bring their drinks, whether alcoholic or not. Tom will bring Lion beer, and I’ll bring a bottle of my low-alcohol red wine and some pre-made Crystal Light lemonade. I only drink two 5 oz glasses of the light wine and then switch to Crystal Light.

Drinking from the birdbath.

Today is the first day since I reduced the dose of Prednisone from 20 mg to 10 mg; after adding the new medication, I can breathe a little better. Last night was challenging. Hopefully, the new drug, Mont-Air, is kicking in and will prevent me from having asthma.

That’s our day, folks. We’ll be back with more tomorrow.

Be well.

Photo from ten years ago today, March 19, 2015:

Tom and our dear friend Richard, who’s since passed away, toasting on St. Patrick’s Day in Kauai, Hawaii. For more photos, please click here.

Happy St. Patrick’s Day to those who celebrate…Off to Komati to see Doc Theo for the first time in two years…

What a beautiful animal!

Ah, it’s a beautiful morning. The sun is shining. There’s no breeze and the temperature at 10:00 am is 78F, 26C with an expected high today of 85F, 29C. The humidity is always high here, but it’s at a meager 60% with a dew point of 63, which is quite tolerable.

Wildebeest Hal and friends.

The wildlife is visiting, and often I am up and down, filling the 4-cup plastic measuring cup to the brim to feed them pellets. To keep the animals off the grass, which Louise is trying to grow inside the little fence, we’re trying to feed the animals at the railing/bench, as shown in the photos.

There are several calves in his herd of 12 who visit often.

But, they are persistent and used to walking right up to us on the veranda. They are bright and they will learn. The exception is the mongoose who seems to persist in coming up close and personal to ask for paloney. But they don’t eat grass since they are carnivores, and most animals are herbivores, only consuming vegetation.

Big Daddy kudu.

In about 90 minutes, we’ll leave for my appointment with Doc Theo to address my allergy issues. I’m still on a low dose of Prednisone to get me through until I see him. I will report what he’s suggested in tomorrow’s post. It will also be wonderful to see this dear man we’ve become close to over the years. He’s the only primary care physician we’ve had in 12½ years.

They are constantly scouring their surroundings for danger or food. Kudua are herbivores, only eating vegetation.

The Cleveland Clinic doctors suggested we get a primary care physician in the US, but now that we’re on the move again, it makes no sense when we’ll only spend a few weeks in the US every year. Neither of us cares to go to a doctor unless we need immediate treatment.

Wildebeest drinking from the pool after eating pellets.

After the appointment, we’ll go to the pharmacy to fill prescriptions while we shop for some odds and ends at the Spar market. The new SaveMor market here is good, but they don’t have many products we regularly use, such as sour cream, cream cheese, and various hard cheeses.

Today, we’ll purchase more carrots and some apples, hoping that Norman and his family will stop by. If he doesn’t, we’ll dole them out to the other animals, who love the ice-cold carrots and apples. We use a small amount of carrots in our salads, but neither eats apples or fruit other than occasional berries.

Mr. Bushbuck jumped the little fence to let us know he was hungry.

With our weight loss goals in mind, we avoid fruit, grains, and starches, except for a bit of almond or coconut flour required in specific recipes. Tom gave up eating rice for the time being since it prevented him from losing weight. Since he stopped eating it several days ago, he’s lost several pounds/kilos.

When Vusi washed many of our clothes we’d left behind, neatly folding each item, I was shocked to see how much more clothing we each left behind. Many of these items fit me since I gained weight after heart surgery in 2019. I’ve tried losing it many times but I’d lose a little and gain more, mainly due to medications I no longer take.

A mating pair of duikers. It’s that time of year.

I don’t overeat, snack, or eat unhealthy foods. It has been so frustrating not to fit into my clothes. Less than two weeks later, I am fitting into jeans I’ve never worn from the batch Vusi washed and dried. It’s as if I have a new wardrobe. Over the years of world travel, I’ve paid little attention to clothing besides trying to look put-together. Now, I have a renewed interest.

Once we get to the US in June, we’ll need to purchase some items for the upcoming four cruises. Who knew we’d ever have the opportunity to think about clothes for cruises. We are very grateful.

Our first sighting of a cute little male duiker.

Thanks to our many readers who write to us regularly, including Nicole, Thelma May, Gini, and many more. Your communication means the world to us. It’s always comforting to have friends from afar.

That’s my news for today.

Be well.

Photo from ten years ago today, March 17, 2015:

Plumeria growing on the sparse tree in Kauai. Spring is in the air. For more photos, please click here.